The 1989 IUCN publication Forest Convservation in the East Usambara Mountains, Tanzania describes a proposal to extend (see Fig. 2) propsalThe study covered three villages bordering four forest reserves. The villages are Kuze Kibago which is bordering Nilo and Segoma forests reserves, Segoma village, bordering Segoma and Manga forests reserves and Kizerui which is bordering Nilo and Semdoe forests reserves. The centres of interest for forests restoration are the gaps between Segoma and Semdoe, Segoma and Manga and Nilo and Segoma. See Figure 1. -4.929077,38.728931 Kwamtili -4.922653,38.733845 38° 44' 1.842" -4° 55' 21.5508" South tip WWF map: -4.55' 9 = 4.919167

Fig. 1. The boundaries of Kwamtili Estate (in red) overlaid upon the WWF forest management map of 2006. The Kwamtili Estate's cocoa processing factory is marked by the red dot. See the text for the designated color codings. The areas expreincing severe deforestation are in light blue.

A 2006 map (Fig. 1) taken from the World Wildelife Foundation report Key forest gaps for improved landscape planning and restoration in the East Usumbara Mountains shows that the Kwamtili Estate covers an area designated "natural forest" (in light green in the figure) that is bordered along most of the western, northern and eastern boundaries by areas designated "Smallholder rainfed herbaceous crop" (pink-coloured hatching in the figure). Note that Kwamtili extends out of the map to the north and that the western boundary is the Muzi River. The Muzi River pases through the village of Seluka. Seluka is a few hundred metres to the west of the Kawamtile Estate's factory (marked by the red dot on the map, with coordinates -4.922653,38.733845 for Google Maps). Seluka and the factory are linked by a road that crosses the Muzi River at a ford. The same road, marked in red on Fig, 1, leaves the estate to the north-west and connects to the district road system. A part of the estate is marked in dark green on the map as "Kwamgumi Forest Reserve". In fact the boundary of the reserve lies along Kwamtili's southermost boundary. Nevertheless a considerable portion of Kwamtili comprises natural forest of the same type as that comprising the adjoining forest reserve. A second point to note is that in the north there has been considerable encroachment and the leasing of Kawmtili land to smallholders. This shows up in the latest Google Erath map (Fig. 2, where the red dot at the bottom of the image marks the Kwamtil Estate's factory.) . Consequently, the map of Fig. 1 indicates with pink dots on green the area that should now also be designated as "Smallholder rainfed herbaceous crop". Kwamtili's cocoa trees are located in the green forest area between the dark green "forest reserve" area to the east, the Muzi River to the west and the small holder plots to the north. This area covers about 2000m (east-west) by 2500m (north-south), i.e., about 500 hectares with the coco growing in patches of various sizes under the forest canopy. The WWF report focused on how to link the forest areas, notably the Kwamgumi and Segoma Forest Reserves to the Semdoe Forest Reserve in the west (see Fig. 1). Kwamtili is not directly concerned because it lies to the north of the Kwamgumi/Segoma - Semdoe "gap" ) coloured yellow-green on the map of Fig. 1) that is centrered on the village of Kwamgumi. Nonetheless, interest in closing the gap and maintaining the East Usumbara forest system will be reduced considerably if Kwamtili's forest disappears. The Firesr Cover Loss map (Fig, 2) from Global Forest Change for 2000 to 2012 shows considerable deforestation (in red). The three principle areas of deforestation are indicated inlight blue on the WWF map (Fig. 1). They are: - around the Sekela village (acrooss the Muzi River from the estate (the factory is marked in blue in Fig. 2), - in the zone to the north where the smallholders encroach upon the Kwamtili forest area; - in the middle section of the southern border with the Kwamgumi Forest Reservee. The activity close to the village and the interaction zone are easily understood. More disturbing is the intensse logging activity deep inthe forest reserve to the along the southern border.